Accumulation & Distribution

Syndicate traders are very good at deciding which of the listed shares are worth buying, and which are best left alone. If they decide to buy into a stock, they are not going to go about it in a haphazard or half-hearted fashion. They will first plan and then launch, with military precision, a co-ordinated campaign to acquire the stock – this is referred to as accumulation. Similarly, a co-ordinated approach to selling stock is referred to as distribution.

Accumulation

To accumulate means to buy as much of the stock as possible, without significantly putting the price
up against your own buying, until there are few, or no more shares available at the price level you have been buying at. This buying usually happens after a bear move has taken place in the stock market (which will be reflected by looking at the Index).

To the syndicate trader, the lower prices now look attractive. Not all of the issued stock can be
accumulated straight away, since most of the stock is tied up. For example, banks retain stock to cover loans, and directors retain stock to keep control in their company. It is the floating supply that the syndicate traders are after.

Once most of the stock has been removed from the hands of other traders (ordinary private
individuals), there will be little, or no stock left to sell into a mark-up in price (which would normally
cause the price to drop). At this point of ‘critical mass’, the resistance to higher prices has been
removed from the market. If accumulation has taken place in lots of other stocks, by many other
professionals, at a similar time (because market conditions are right), we have the makings of a bull
market. Once a bullish move starts, it will continue without resistance, as the supply has now been
removed from the market.

Distribution

At the potential top of a bull market, many professional traders will be looking to sell stock bought at lower levels to take profits. Most of these traders will place large orders to sell, not at the current price available, but at a specified price range. Any selling has to be absorbed by the market-makers, who have to create a 'market’. Some sell orders will be filled immediately, some go, figuratively, 'onto the books‘. The market makers in turn have to resell, which has to be accomplished without putting the price down against their own, or other traders’ selling. This process is known as distribution, and it will normally take some time for the process to complete.

In the early stages of distribution, if the selling is so great that prices are forced down, the selling will stop and the price will be supported, which gives the market-maker, and other traders, the chance to sell more stock on the next wave up. Once the professionals have sold most of their holdings, a bear market starts, because markets tend to fall without professional support.

Strong & Weak Holders

The stock market revolves around the simple principles of accumulation and distribution, which are
processes that are not well known to most traders.
Perhaps you can now appreciate the unique position that the market-makers, syndicate traders, and other specialist traders are in – they can see both sides of the market at the same time, which represents a significant advantage over the ordinary trader. It is now time to refine your understanding of the stock market, by introducing the concept of ‘Strong and Weak Holders.’

Strong Holders

Strong holders are usually those traders who have not allowed themselves to be trapped into a poor trading situation. They are happy with their position, and they will not be shaken out on sudden down-moves, or sucked into the market at or near the top. Strong holders are strong because they are trading on the right side of the market. Their capital base is usually large, and they can normally read the market with a high degree of competence. Despite their proficiency, strong holders will still take losses frequently, but the losses will be minimal, because they have learnt to close out losing trades quickly. A succession of small losses is looked upon in the same way as a business expense. Strong holders may even have more losing trades than winning trades, but overall, the profitability of the winning trades will far outweigh the combined effect of the losing trades.

Weak Holders

Most traders who are new to the markets will very easily become Weak Holders. These people are usually under-capitalised and cannot readily cope with losses, especially if most of their capital is rapidly disappearing, which will undoubtedly result in emotional decision-making. Weak holders are on a learning curve and tend to execute their trades on ‘instinct’. Weak holders are those traders who have allowed themselves to be 'locked-in' as the market moves against them, and are hoping and praying that the market will soon move back to their price level. These traders are liable to be 'shaken out' on any sudden moves or bad news.

Generally, weak holders will find that they are trading on the wrong side of the market, and are therefore immediately under pressure if prices turn against them.
If we combine the concepts of strong holders accumulating stock from weak holders prior to a bull move, and distributing stock to potential weak holders prior to a bear move, then in this context:

• A Bull Market occurs when there has been a substantial transfer of stock from Weak
Holders to Strong Holders, generally, at a loss to Weak Holders.

• A Bear Market occurs when there has been a substantial transfer of stock from Strong
Holders to Weak Holders, generally at a profit to the Strong Holders.

The following events will always occur when markets move from one major trending state to another:

The Buying Climax

Brief Definition: An imbalance of supply and demand causing a bull market to transform into a bear
market.

Explanation: If the volume is seen to be exceptionally high, accompanied by narrow spreads into new high ground, you can be assured that this is a ‘buying climax’.
It is called a buying climax because to create this phenomenon there has to be a huge demand for buying from the public, fund managers, banks and so on. It is into this buying frenzy, that syndicate traders and market-makers will dump their holdings, to such an extent that higher prices are now impossible. In the last phase of the buying climax, the market will be seen to close in the middle or high of the bar.

The Selling Climax

Brief Definition: An imbalance of supply and demand causing a bear market to transform into a bull
market.

Explanation: This is the exact opposite of a buying climax. The volume will be extremely high on
down-moves, accompanied by narrow spreads, with the price entering fresh low ground.
The only difference is that on the lows, just before the market begins to turn, the price
will be seen to close in the middle or low of the bar.

To create this phenomenon requires a huge amount of selling, such as that witnessed following the tragic events of the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Centre in New York on September the 11th 2001.
Note that the above principles seem to go against your natural thinking (i.e. market strength actually
appears on down-bars and weakness, in reality, appears on up-bars). Once you have learned to grasp this concept, you will be on your way to thinking much more like a professional trader.

Resistance & Crowd Behaviour

We have all heard of the term ‘resistance’, but what exactly is meant by this loosely used term? Well, in the context of market mechanics, resistance to any up-move is caused by somebody selling the stock as soon as a rally starts. In this case, the floating supply has not yet been removed. The act of selling into a rally is bad news for higher prices. This is why the supply (resistance) has to be removed before a stock can rally (rise in price).

Once an up-move does take place, then like sheep, all other traders will be inclined to follow. This concept is normally referred to as ‘herd instinct’ (or crowd behaviour). As human beings, we are free to act however we see fit, but when presented with danger or opportunity, most people act with surprising predictability. It is this knowledge of crowd behaviour that helps the professional syndicate traders to choose their moment to make a large profit. Make no mistake – professional traders are predatory beasts and uninformed traders represent the symbolic ‘lamb to the slaughter’.

We shall return to the concept of ‘herd instinct’ again, but for now, consider the importance of this
phenomenon, and what it means to you as a trader. Unless the laws of human behaviour change, this
process will always be present in the financial markets. You must always try to be aware of ‘Herd
Instinct’.

There are only two main principles at work in the stock market, which will cause a market to turn. Both of these principles will arrive in varying intensities producing larger or smaller moves:

1. The ‘herd’ will panic after observing substantial falls in a market (usually on bad news) and will
usually follow its instinct to sell. As a trader who is aware of crowd psychology, you must ask
yourself, “Are the trading syndicates and market-makers prepared to absorb the panic selling at these
price levels?” If they are, then this is a good sign that indicates market strength.

2. After substantial rises, the ‘herd’ will become annoyed at missing the up-move, and will rush in and buy, usually on good news. This includes traders who already have long positions, and want more. At this stage, you need to ask yourself, “Are the trading syndicates selling into the buying?” If so, then this is a severe sign of weakness.

Does this mean that the dice is always loaded against you when you enter the market? Are you destined always to be manipulated? Well, yes and no.

A professional trader isolates himself from the ‘herd’ and becomes a predator rather than a victim. He
understands and recognizes the principles that drive the markets and refuses to be misled by good or bad news, tips, advice, brokers, or well-meaning friends. When the market is being shaken-out on bad news, he is in there buying. When the ‘herd’ is buying and the news is good, he is looking to sell.

Master the Markets 

You are entering a business that has attracted some of the sharpest minds around. All you have to do is to join them. Trading with the ‘strong holders’ requires a means to determine the balance of supply and demand for an instrument, in terms of professional interest, or lack of interest, in it. If you can buy when the professionals are buying (accumulating or re-accumulating) and sell when the professionals are selling (distributing or re-distributing) and you do not try to buck the system you are following, you can be as successful as anybody else can in the market. Indeed, you stand the chance of being considerably moresuccessful than most!